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Headache in Japan: What to do (and when to call 119)

Last updated: 2026-03-03

TL;DR (30-second decision)

  • Call 119 now if it’s the worst headache of your life, sudden and severe, or you have weakness/numbness, trouble speaking, confusion, fainting, seizure, high fever with stiff neck, or a rash.
  • If you’re unsure whether it’s an emergency: Call #7119 (if available) for advice on whether you need an ambulance and where to go.
  • If you also have fever/cold-like symptoms, many clinics may ask you to call ahead and follow special instructions; bring a mask.
  • For children: headache guidance can differ—use a child-specific guide.

Call 119 immediately (red flags)

Call 119 right away if you have any of these:

  • A sudden, severe headache (a “thunderclap” headache) or the worst headache of your life
  • Headache with weakness, facial drooping, numbness, speech trouble, new confusion, or loss of consciousness
  • Headache with high fever, stiff neck, severe drowsiness, or a rapidly worsening illness (possible serious infection)
  • Headache after a significant head injury, especially if symptoms are worsening
  • Headache that is new or worsening during pregnancy or after giving birth

(This page provides general guidance, not medical diagnosis. If you think it’s an emergency, call 119.)

If it’s not clearly urgent: what you can do right now

  • Hydrate (water or oral rehydration drinks) and rest in a quiet, dark room.
  • Eat lightly if you can; avoid alcohol until you feel better.
  • If you can, note: when it started, where it hurts, what it feels like (pressure/throbbing), and any triggers (sleep loss, stress, dehydration).
  • If the headache is getting progressively worse or keeps returning, consider medical evaluation even if it isn’t an emergency.

OTC pain medicines in Japan (quick guide)

For many mild headaches, OTC medicines may help. Use one product, follow the label, and avoid taking multiple cold/flu products with the same ingredient.

Option A: Acetaminophen (paracetamol)
Often a reasonable first choice, especially if you have stomach sensitivity.

Option B: NSAIDs (ibuprofen / loxoprofen, etc.) — use with caution
NSAIDs can irritate the stomach and may be a bad idea if you’re dehydrated, have ulcers/bleeding risk, kidney disease, or are on blood thinners. If your headache is severe or unusual, don’t “mask it” repeatedly—seek care instead.

(If you’re unsure, ask a pharmacist. If you have red flags, call 119.)

When you should see a doctor soon (same day / within 24–48 hours)

Consider medical care if:

  • The headache does not go away and keeps getting worse
  • It’s new and you’re over 50, especially with a sore scalp or jaw pain when chewing
  • You have headache with vomiting, vision changes, or it wakes you from sleep / is worse in the morning
  • You are immunocompromised, pregnant/postpartum, or have serious chronic disease

Japan-specific: how to visit a clinic/hospital

  • If you have fever or cold-like symptoms, many clinics may ask you to call ahead and follow special instructions (some may ask you to wait outside).
  • Many medical facilities request mask-wearing—bring one with you.
  • If you’re unsure whether you need an ambulance: #7119 (if available) can advise you.

What to say (simple English)

Calling #7119 (if available)

“I have a headache. It started [time] ago.
The pain is [mild/moderate/severe] and it is getting [better/worse].
I also have [fever / vomiting / weakness / trouble speaking / vision changes].
Do I need an ambulance? Where should I go?”

Calling a clinic

“Hello. I have a headache since [time].
I also have [fever / nausea / vomiting / sore throat].
Can I visit today? Do I need an appointment?”

FAQ

When is a headache an emergency?

If it’s sudden and severe, the worst headache of your life, or comes with neurologic symptoms (weakness, speech trouble, confusion), high fever with stiff neck, or a rapidly worsening illness—treat it as urgent and call 119.

Should I call ahead before going to a clinic in Japan?

Often yes—especially if you also have fever/cold-like symptoms. Clinics may have specific infection-control instructions.

Can I buy headache medicine without a prescription in Japan?

Yes, many pain relievers are available OTC. If you have risk factors (ulcers, kidney disease, blood thinners, pregnancy), ask a pharmacist and consider acetaminophen first.

What if I’m not sure whether it’s serious?

If you’re unsure, #7119 (if available) can help you decide whether you need an ambulance and where to go. If symptoms are severe or worsening, call 119.

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